DALLAS – June 24, 2021 – Mutations in a gene related to HER2, a gene frequently implicated in breast cancers and a variety of other malignancies, can amplify activity that spurs tumor growth, a new study led by UT Southwestern researchers suggests. The findings, published online in Cancer Cell, could explain why many patients with HER2 mutations don’t respond to inhibitors that target this cancer driver and require other treatment.
Ariella B. Hanker, Ph.D.
“Within the precision oncology field, we typically focus on targeting one mutant gene with one drug,” says study leader Ariella B. Hanker, Ph.D., assistant professor of internal medicine and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center member. “This study showed that in some patients you might have to look at more than one mutant gene to find the best drug or combination of treatments.”
For decades, researchers have studied the role of HER2 in breast cancer and other cancer types. The protein produced by this gene is a growth factor receptor that when activated stimulates cells to divide. In about 25 percent of breast cancers, tumor cells carry extra copies of this gene, causing too much of the protein to be made and leading cells to divide continuously – a hallmark of cancer. Because this aberration is so common, checking for its presence is typically a standard part of breast cancer diagnostics.
Recent research has suggested that in about 5 percent of advanced breast cancers, the HER2 gene is mutated in a way that activates it, mimicking the effects of carrying extra copies, Hanker explains. Clinical trials have found that cancer drugs that inhibit the mutant HER2 protein can successfully shrink tumors. However, patients with additional mutations in a related gene called HER3 were resistant to these treatments.
Carlos L. Arteaga, M.D.
To better understand this phenomenon, Hanker, along with study co-leader Carlos L. Arteaga, M.D., professor of internal medicine and director of the Simmons Cancer Center, and their colleagues investigated how mutated HER2 and HER3 proteins interact.
Computer modeling showed that mutations in both genes caused the resulting proteins to bind together more strongly than their nonmutant forms, even without a helper molecule that’s usually necessary for these proteins to work together. These modeled predictions held true when the scientists mixed different HER2 and HER3 proteins in the lab.
When the researchers mutated only HER2 in healthy breast cells, they grew in round balls, a key characteristic of tumors. But when they also mutated HER3, these balls grew spikes that invaded the surrounding matrix, an important step toward metastasis.
Additional computer modeling showed that the tight binding between the mutant HER2 and HER3 proteins prevented HER2-inhibiting drugs from attaching to the HER2 protein, hampering their effectiveness. When the researchers added a second drug that indirectly inhibits HER3, cancer cells that carried both mutations died.
Normal breast epithelial cells were engineered to express mutant HER3 alone, mutant HER2 alone, or both mutations. Cells expressing only the HER3 mutation formed very small spherical colonies in a 3D matrix, which mimics the tumor microenvironment. Cells expressing only the HER2 mutation formed large spherical colonies with smooth edges. However, cells expressing both mutations formed large colonies with invasive branches, indicating cells invading into the extracellular matrix. Credit: Ariella Hanker and Dan Ye
“Patients that carry both HER2 and HER3 mutations are likely not going to be good candidates for treatments by HER2 inhibitors themselves,” Hanker says. “By also inhibiting the action of HER3, we can make some headway against these tumors.”
Other UTSW researchers who contributed to this study include Arnaldo Marín, Dan Ye, Chang-Ching Lin, Hiroaki Akamatsu, Kyung-min Lee, Sumanta Chatterjee, Dhivya R. Sudhan, and Alberto Servetto. Other contributors include Benjamin P. Brown, Jens Meiler, S. Harikrishna, Monica Red Brewer, James P. Koch, Jonathan H. Sheehan, and Alshad S. Lalani.
This study was funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute (R01CA224899), Simmons Cancer Center (P30 CA142543), Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR170061), NCI Breast SPORE (P50 CA098131), Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (P30 CA68485), Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation (SAB1800010), and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Arteaga serves as a scientific adviser for Puma Biotechnology and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. He holds the Lisa K. Simmons Distinguished Chair in Comprehensive Oncology.
About UT Southwestern Medical Center
UT Southwestern, one of the premier academic medical centers in the nation, integrates pioneering biomedical research with exceptional clinical care and education. The institution’s faculty has received six Nobel Prizes, and includes 24 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 16 members of the National Academy of Medicine, and 13 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. The full-time faculty of more than 2,800 is responsible for groundbreaking medical advances and is committed to translating science-driven research quickly to new clinical treatments. UT Southwestern physicians provide care in about 80 specialties to more than 117,000 hospitalized patients, more than 360,000 emergency room cases, and oversee nearly 3 million outpatient visits a year.
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HER3 gene mutations can worsen tumor growth in breast cancer, study suggests - UT Southwestern
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